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Loch Ness Monster

"Nessie" redirects here. For other uses, see Loch Ness Monster (disambiguation) and Nessie (disambiguation).

the Loch Ness Monster

(Nessie, Niseag[1] (Scottish Gaelic), The LNM , "Nessiteras rhombopteryx")
Creature
Grouping	Cryptid
Sub grouping	Lake monster
Data
First reported	565 (retrospectively),[2] 1802 (chronologically)[3]
Last reported	2009
Country	Scotland
Region	Loch Ness
Habitat	Water

The Loch Ness Monster (Scottish Gaelic: Niseag) is a cryptid that is reputed to inhabit Loch Ness in the Scottish Highlands. It is similar to other supposed lake monsters in Scotland and elsewhere, though its description varies from one account to the next. Popular interest and belief in the animal has varied since it was brought to the world's attention in 1933. Evidence of its existence is anecdotal, with minimal and much-disputed photographic material and sonar readings.

The most common speculation among believers is that the

HISTORY OF THE AZTECS TRIBE

The Aztecs and Mexico City: 14th century AD

The Aztecs are a tribe, according to their own legends, from Aztlan somewhere in the north of modern Mexico. From this place, which they leave in about the 12th century AD, there derives the name Aztecs by which they are known to western historians. Their own name for themselves is the Mexica, which subsequently provides the European names for Mexico City and Mexico.

After two centuries of migration and warfare, the Aztecs finally settle within the area now covered by Mexico City. They choose an uninhabited island in Lake Tetzcoco. This is either in the year 1325 or, more probably, 1345. (The difference in date depends on how the Mesoamerican 52-year calendarcycle is integrated with the chronology of the Christian era). They call their settlement Tenochtitlan.

Their prospects in this place, where they are surrounded by enemy tribes, seem as

Voynich manuscript

The Voynich manuscript, described as "the world's most mysterious manuscript",^[3] is a work which dates to the early 15th century (1404–1438), possibly from northern Italy.^[1][2] It is named after the book dealer Wilfrid Voynich, who purchased it in 1912.

Some pages are missing, but the current version comprises about 240 vellum pages, most with illustrations. Much of the manuscript resembles herbalmanuscripts of the 1500s, seeming to present illustrations and information about plants and their possible uses for medical purposes. However, most of the plants do not match known species, and the manuscript's script and language remain unknown and unreadable. Possibly some form of encrypted ciphertext, the Voynich manuscript has been studied by many professional and amateur cryptographers, including American and British codebreakers from both World War Iand World War II. As yet, it has defied all decipherment attempts, becoming a famous case of historical cryptology. The mystery surrounding it has excited the popular imagination, making the manuscript a subject of both fanciful theories and novels. None of the many speculative solutions proposed over the last hundred years has yet been independently verified.^[4]

The Voynich manuscript was donated to Yale University's Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library in 1969, where it is catalogued under call number MS 408and called a "Cipher Manuscript".^[5][6]

Voynich Manuscript
Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University MS 408
One of the foldout pages in the Voynich manuscript
Type	Manuscript codex
Date	Early 15th century[1][2]
Place of origin	Possibly northern Italy[1][2]
Material	Vellum
Size	23.5 by 16.2 by 5 centimetres (9.3 by 6.4 by 2.0 in); about 240 pages

Contents   [hide]  1 Content 1.1 Text 1.2 Illustrations 1.3 Purpose 2 History 3 Authorship hypotheses 3.1 Fabrication by Voynich 3.2 Other theories 3.3 Hoax 4 Language hypotheses 4.1 Constructed language 4.2 Ciphers 4.3 Codes 4.4 Micrography 4.5 Steganography 4.6 Exotic natural language 4.7 Glossolalia 4.8 Hybrid language 5 Cultural impact 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links

[edit]Content

The manuscript measures 23.5 by 16.2 by 5 centimetres (9.3 by 6.4 by 2.0 in), with hundreds of vellum pages collected into eighteen quires. It is made up of, depending on how some of its unusual fold-out multi-part pages are counted, approximately 240 pages in total. The top righthand corner of each recto (righthand) page has been numbered from 1 to 116, probably by one of the manuscript's later owners. From the various numbering gaps, it seems likely that in the

Antikythera mechanism

The Antikythera mechanism (pron.: /ˌæntɨkɨˈθɪərə/ ant-i-ki-theer-ə or /ˌæntɨˈkɪθərə/ ant-i-kith-ə-rə) is an ancient analog computer^[1][2] designed to calculate astronomicalpositions. It was recovered in 1900–1901 from the Antikythera wreck,^[3] but its significance and complexity were not understood until a century later. Jacques Cousteau visited the wreck in 1978^[4] but, although he found new dating evidence, he did not find any additional remains of the Antikythera mechanism. The construction has been dated to the early 1st century BCE. Technological artifacts approaching its complexity and workmanship did not appear again until the 14th century AD, when mechanical astronomical clocksbegan to be built in Western Europe.^[5]

Professor Michael Edmunds of Cardiff University, who led a 2006 study of the mechanism, said: ^[6][7]

This device is just extraordinary, the only thing of its kind. The design is beautiful, the astronomy is exactly right. The way the mechanics are designed just makes your jaw drop. Whoever has done this has done it extremely carefully ... in terms of historic and scarcity value, I have to regard this mechanism as being more valuable than theMona Lisa.

—30 November 2006

The Antikythera mechanism is displayed at the

Dracula:Vlad the Impaler

Vlad Ţepeș" redirects here. For other uses, see Vlad Ţepeș (disambiguation).

Vlad III Dracula
Voivode of Wallachia
The Ambras Castle portrait of Vlad III, c. 1560, reputedly a copy of an original made during his lifetime[1]
Reign	1448; 1456–1462; 1476
Born	November or December 1431[2]
Birthplace	Sighișoara, Transylvania, Kingdom of Hungary
Died	December 18, 1476 [2] (aged 45)
Place of death	Bucharest, Wallachia
Royal House	House of Drăculești (branch of theHouse of Basarab)
Father	Vlad II Dracul
Mother	Cneajna of Moldavia

Vlad III, Prince of Wallachia (1431–1476), was a member of the House of Drăculești, a branch of the House of Basarab, also known by his patronymic name: Dracula. He was posthumously dubbed Vlad the Impaler (Romanian: Vlad Țepeș pronounced [ˈvlad ˈt͡sepeʃ]), and was a three-time Voivode of Wallachia, ruling mainly from 1456 to 1462, the period of the incipient Ottoman conquest of the Balkans. His father, Vlad II Dracul, was a member of the Order of the Dragon, which was founded to protect Christianity in Eastern Europe. Vlad III is revered as a hero in Bulgaria as well for his protection of the

Socotra Island

Socotra (Arabic: سُقُطْرَى‎ Suquṭra), also spelled Soqotra, is a small archipelago of four islands in the Indian Ocean. The largest island, also called Socotra, is about 95% of the landmass of the archipelago. It lies some 240 kilometres (150 mi) east of the Horn of Africa and 380 kilometres (240 mi) south of the Arabian Peninsula.^[2] The island is very isolated and through the process of speciation, a third of its plant life is found nowhere else on the planet. It has been described as the most alien-looking place on Earth. The island measures 132 kilometres (82 mi) in length and 49.7 kilometres (30.9 mi) in width.^[3]

Socotra is part of the Republic of Yemen. It had long been a part of the 'Adan Governorate. In 2004, it became attached to the Hadhramaut Governorate, which is much closer to the island than 'Adan (although the nearest governorate is Al Mahrah).

Etymology

In the notes to his translation of the Periplus, G.W.B. Huntingford remarks that the name Suqotra is not Greek in origin, but from the Sanskrit dvīpa (Skt. "island") sukhadhara ("supporting, or providing bliss"). Another probable origin of the name is the Arabic “Suq” meaning “market” and “qotra” meaning “dripping frankincense”.^[4]

[edit]History

Map of the Socotra archipelago

There was initially an Oldoway (or Oldowan) culture in Socotra. Oldoway stone tools were found in the area around Hadibo by V.A. Zhukov, a member of the Russian Complex Expedition in 2008.^[5][6]

Socotra appears as Dioskouridou ("of Dioscurides") in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, a 1st century AD Greek navigation aid. In the notes to his translation of the Periplus, G.W.B. Huntingford remarks that the name Socotra is not